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Short, plain-language guides to help patients and caregivers feel less lost when talking to providers and insurance companies.

Full insurance glossary

Every term grouped by topic: what you pay, coverage rules, plan mechanics, and policy terminology.

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Provider specialties

Who does what — primary care, internal medicine subspecialties, surgical specialties, and behavioral & rehab providers. When to see each, and how referrals usually flow.

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Quick glossary by category

What you pay

Premium

The monthly amount you (or your employer) pay just to have the plan.

Deductible

What you pay out of pocket before your plan starts sharing most costs.

Copay (Copayment)

A flat dollar amount you pay at the time of a visit or prescription.

Coinsurance

Your percentage share of a covered cost after the deductible is met.

Out-of-Pocket Maximum

The most you'll pay for covered, in-network care in a plan year.

Allowed Amount

The negotiated price your insurer recognizes for a service.

Balance Billing

When an out-of-network provider bills you for the gap above what your plan paid.

Explanation of Benefits (EOB)

The statement from your insurer showing what was billed, allowed, paid, and what you owe.

Coverage rules & reviews

Medical Necessity

The insurer is reviewing whether the service is clinically appropriate for your situation.

Prior Authorization

Some services may need plan approval before they are performed.

Investigational

The insurer considers the service still under study for this use.

Conservative Treatment

Lower-risk care that insurers may want documented before a bigger procedure.

Cosmetic

The insurer may view the service as appearance-related rather than treating a medical condition.

Utilization Management

How insurers review whether services are clinically appropriate and efficient.

Step Therapy

Trying a preferred (often lower-cost) treatment first before a different one is approved.

How your plan works

In-Network vs Out-of-Network

Providers who contract with your plan cost less than those who don't.

Referral

A written order from your primary care provider to see a specialist.

Primary Care Provider (PCP)

The doctor who manages your overall care and coordinates referrals.

Non-Duplication of Benefits

When you have two plans, the secondary will not pay more than it would have if it were primary.

Coordination of Benefits (COB)

Rules that decide which of your plans pays first when you have more than one.

Network Tier

Some plans group in-network providers into preferred and standard tiers.

Plan Year vs Calendar Year

The 12-month window your deductible and OOP max reset on.

Embedded vs Aggregate Deductible

How a family plan's deductible applies to one member vs the whole family.

Policy terminology

Formulary

The list of medications your plan covers, often with tiers.